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Natural resources are naturally occurring (renewable and nonrenewable) substances of the environment that are considered valuable in their natural form. Nonrenewable includes for example fossil fuel (coal and oil) and renewable can be unconditionally renewable (e.g. solar, geothermal, tidal or wind energy) and conditionally renewable (e.g. fish, cattle, forest goods, vines). These are naturally occurring materials from the environment that have value in serving human needs and therefore have economic value. These material source of wealth are primary factors of production and the availability of particular natural resources gives that country a comparative advantage in trade.

Some of these natural resources (material source of wealth) are: timber (forest), natural gas, petroleum (oil), coal, barites, copper, chromite, sulfur, talc, lead, zinc, iron ore, precious and semi-precious stones, salt, fresh water, seeds, grains, fruits, animals (e.g fish, shrimp and cattle), sand and gravel all occurs in a natural state and has economic value. It is important to note also that natural resources can have "noneconomic" value such as being; ecological, recreational (scenic beauty), educational or aesthetic value in nature, apart from those that could be classified under economic value.

Thus, most countries have a particular natural resource(s) (biological and geological sources) that meet human needs and as such, have an economic value whereby it can be exploited and used by that country or in trade with other countries. The list below shows each country’s nature resources or its natural wealth.


Countries and their Natural Resource - The Natural Wealth of Countries around the World


Country
Natural resources
Afghanistan
natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, chromite, talc, barites, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones
Albania
petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, timber, nickel, hydro-power
Algeria

petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc
American Samoa pumice, pumicite
Andorra
hydro-power, mineral water, timber, iron ore, lead
Angola
petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, uranium
Anguilla
salt, fish, lobster
Antarctica
iron ore, chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum and other minerals,
and coal and hydrocarbons have been found in small noncommercial quantities; not presently exploited; krill, finfish, and crab have been taken by commercial fisheries

Antigua and Barbuda Has a pleasant climate and fosters tourism
Arctic Ocean sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales)
Argentina

fertile plains of the Pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese, petroleum, uranium
Armenia
small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, alumina
Aruba
Negligible; white sandy beaches
Ashmore and Cartier Islands fish
Atlantic Ocean oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales), sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, precious stones

Australia
bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, gold, silver, uranium, nickel,
tungsten, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, petroleum
Austria
iron ore, oil, timber, magnesite, lead, coal, lignite, copper, hydropower
Azerbaijan

petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, nonferrous metals, alumina
Bahamas, The salt, aragonite, timber, arable land
Bahrain
oil, associated and non-associated natural gas, fish, pearls
Baker Island guano (deposits worked until 1891), terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
Bangladesh
natural gas, arable land, timber, coal
Barbados

petroleum, fish, natural gas
Bassas da India none
Belarus
forests, peat deposits, small quantities of oil and natural gas, granite, dolomitic limestone, marl, chalk, sand, gravel, clay
Belgium
coal, natural gas
Belize
arable land potential, timber, fish, hydro-power
Benin
small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, timber
Bermuda
limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism
Bhutan
timber, hydro-power, gypsum, calcium carbide
Bolivia

tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron, lead, gold, timber, hydro-power
Bosnia and Herzegovina coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, forests, copper, chromium, lead, zinc, hydro-power
Botswana
diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver
Bouvet
Island
none
Brazil

bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, platinum, tin, uranium, petroleum, hydro-power, timber
British Indian Ocean Territory coconuts, fish, sugarcane
British Virgin Islands Negligible
Brunei
petroleum, natural gas, timber
Bulgaria
bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land
Burkina Faso manganese, limestone, marble; small deposits of gold, antimony, copper, nickel, bauxite, lead, phosphates, zinc, silver
Burma
petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, some marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas, hydro-power
Burundi
nickel, uranium, rare earth oxides, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum (not yet exploited), vanadium, arable land, hydro-power
Cambodia
timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydro-power potential
Cameroon

petroleum, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydro-power
Canada
iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydro-power
Cape Verde salt, basalt rock, limestone, kaolin, fish
Cayman Islands fish, climate and beaches that foster tourism
Central African Republic diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil, hydro-power
Chad

petroleum (unexploited but exploration under way), uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad)
Chile
copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum, hydro-power
China
coal, iron ore, petroleum, natural gas, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, hydro-power potential (world's largest)
Christmas Island phosphate, beaches
Clipperton Island fish
Cocos (Keeling) Islands fish
Colombia
petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds, hydro-power
Comoros
Negligible
Congo, Democratic Republic of the cobalt, copper, cadmium, petroleum, industrial and gem diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore, coal, hydro-power, timber
Congo, Republic of the petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates, natural gas, hydro-power
Cook Islands Negligible
Coral Sea Islands Negligible
Costa Rica hydro-power
Cote d'Ivoire petroleum, natural gas, diamonds, manganese, iron ore, cobalt, bauxite, copper, hydro-power
Croatia

oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, natural asphalt, silica, mica, clays, salt, hydro-power
Cuba
cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, timber, silica, petroleum, arable land
Cyprus copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth
pigment
Czech Republic hard coal, soft coal, kaolin, clay, graphite, timber
Denmark
petroleum, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone, stone, gravel and sand
Djibouti
geothermal areas
Dominica
timber, hydro-power, arable land
Dominican Republic nickel, bauxite, gold, silver

East Timor
gold, petroleum, natural gas, manganese, marble
Ecuador
petroleum, fish, timber, hydro-power
Egypt
petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc
El Salvador hydro-power, geothermal power, petroleum, arable land
Equatorial Guinea oil, petroleum, timber, small unexploited deposits of gold, manganese, uranium, titanium, iron ore
Eritrea
gold, potash, zinc, copper, salt, possibly oil and natural gas, fish
Estonia

oil shale, peat, phosphorite, clay, limestone, sand, dolomite, arable land, sea mud
Ethiopia
small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash, natural gas, hydro-power
Europa Island Negligible
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) fish, squid, wildlife, calcified seaweed, sphagnum moss
Faroe Islands fish, whales, hydro-power
Fiji
timber, fish, gold, copper, offshore oil potential, hydro-power
Finland
timber, copper, zinc, iron ore, silver
France
coal, iron ore, bauxite, zinc, potash, timber, fish
French Guiana bauxite, timber, gold (widely scattered), cinnabar, kaolin, fish
French Polynesia timber, fish, cobalt, hydro-power
French Southern and Antarctic Lands fish, crayfish
Gabon
petroleum, manganese, uranium, gold, timber, iron ore, hydro-power
Gambia,
The
fish
Gaza
Strip
arable land, natural gas
Georgia

forests, hydro-power, manganese deposits, iron ore, copper, minor coal and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and citrus growth
Germany
iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, nickel, arable land
Ghana
gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber, hydro-power
Gibraltar

Negligible
Glorioso Islands guano, coconuts
Greece
bauxite, lignite, magnesite, petroleum, marble, hydro-power potential
Greenland

zinc, lead, iron ore, coal, molybdenum, gold, platinum, uranium, fish, seals, whales, hydro-power, possible oil and gas

Grenada
timber, tropical fruit, deepwater harbors

Guadeloupe
cultivable land, beaches and climate that foster tourism
Guam
fishing (largely undeveloped), tourism (especially from Japan)
Guatemala
petroleum, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicle, hydropower
Guernsey

cropland
Guinea
bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, gold, uranium, hydropower, fish
Guinea-Bissau
fish, timber, phosphates, bauxite, unexploited deposits of petroleum
Guyana

bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish
Haiti
bauxite, copper, calcium carbonate, gold, marble, hydropower
Heard Island and McDonald Islands fish
Holy See (Vatican City) none
Honduras
timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore, antimony, coal, fish, hydropower
Hong Kong outstanding deepwater harbor, feldspar
Howland Island guano (deposits worked until late 1800s), terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
Hungary
bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land
Iceland
fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomite


India
coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone, arable land
Indian
Ocean
oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules
Indonesia
petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
Iran

petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulfur
Iraq
petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur

Ireland
zinc, lead, natural gas, barite, copper, gypsum, limestone, dolomite, peat, silver
Israel

timber, potash, copper ore, natural gas, phosphate rock, magnesium bromide, clays, sand
Italy
mercury, potash, marble, sulfur, natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, coal, arable land
Jamaica
bauxite, gypsum, limestone
Jan Mayen none
Japan

negligible mineral resources, fish
Jarvis Island guano (deposits worked until late 1800s), terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
Jersey
arable land
Johnston Atoll guano deposits worked until depletion about 1890, terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
Jordan

phosphates, potash, shale oil
Juan de Nova Island guano deposits and other fertilizers
Kazakhstan
major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium
Kenya

gold, limestone, soda ash, salt, rubies, fluorspar, garnets, wildlife, hydropower
Kingman Reef terrestrial and aquatic wildlife

Kiribati
phosphate (production discontinued in 1979)
Korea, North coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron ore, copper, gold, pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropower
Korea, South coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower potential
Kuwait
petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas
Kyrgyzstan
abundant hydropower; significant deposits of gold and rare earth metals; locally exploitable coal, oil, and natural gas; other deposits of nepheline, mercury, bismuth, lead, and zinc
Laos
timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones
Latvia
peat, limestone, dolomite, amber, hydropower, wood, arable land
Lebanon
limestone, iron ore, salt, water-surplus state in a water-deficit region, arable land
Lesotho water, agricultural and grazing land, some diamonds and other minerals
Liberia
iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold, hydropower
Libya
petroleum, natural gas, gypsum
Liechtenstein
hydroelectric potential, arable land
Lithuania
peat, arable land
Luxembourg
arable land, iron ore (no longer exploited),
Macau
Negligible
Macedonia,
The Former Yugoslav Republic of
chromium, lead, zinc, manganese, tungsten, nickel, low-grade iron ore, asbestos, sulfur, timber, arable land
Madagascar
graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish, hydropower
Malawi
limestone, arable land, hydropower, unexploited deposits of uranium, coal, and bauxite
Malaysia

tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite
Maldives
fish
Mali
gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, hydropower mineral deposits unexploited: bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper
Malta
limestone, salt, arable land
Man, Isle of none
Marshall Islands coconut products, marine products, deep seabed minerals

Martinique
coastal scenery and beaches, cultivable land

Mauritania
iron ore, gypsum, copper, phosphate, diamonds, gold, oil, fish
Mauritius

arable land, fish
Mayotte
Negligible
Mexico
petroleum, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber
Micronesia
Federated States of,
forests, marine products, deep-seabed minerals
Midway Islands wildlife, terrestrial and aquatic

Moldova
lignite, phosphorites, gypsum, arable land, limestone
Monaco
none
Mongolia oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron, phosphate
Montserrat
Neglible
Morocco
phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt
Mozambique
coal, titanium, natural gas, hydropower, tantalum, graphite
Namibia
diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, zinc, salt, vanadium, natural gas, hydropower, fish (with the possiblity exist for: oil, coal, and iron ore)
Nauru
phosphates, fish
Navassa
Island
guano
Nepal

quartz, water, timber, hydropower, scenic beauty, small deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore
Netherlands
natural gas, petroleum, arable land

Netherlands Antilles
phosphates (Curacao only), salt (Bonaire only)
New Caledonia nickel, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold,
lead, copper
New Zealand natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber, hydropower, gold, limestone
Nicaragua

gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish
Niger
uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates, gold, petroleum
Nigeria
natural gas, petroleum, tin, columbite, iron ore, coal, limestone, lead, zinc, arable land
Niue

fish, arable land
Norfolk Island fish
Northern Mariana Islands arable land, fish
Norway
petroleum, copper, natural gas, pyrites, nickel, iron ore, zinc, lead, fish, timber, hydropower
Oman
petroleum, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum, natural gas
Pacific Ocean oil and gas fields, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, fish
Pakistan

land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone
Palau
forests, minerals (especially gold), marine products, deep-seabed minerals
Palmyra Atoll terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
Panama
copper, mahogany forests, shrimp, hydropower
Papua New Guinea gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil, fisheries
Paracel Islands none
Paraguay

hydropower, timber, iron ore, manganese, limestone
Peru
copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas
Philippines
timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper
Pitcairn Islands miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish offshore: manganese, iron, copper, gold, silver, and zinc have been discovered
Poland
coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt, amber, arable land
Portugal

fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore, uranium ore, marble, arable land, hydropower
Puerto Rico some copper and nickel; potential for onshore and offshore oil
Qatar
petroleum, natural gas, fish
Reunion

fish, arable land, hydropower
Romania
petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower
Russia
Timber, oil, natural gas, coal, and many other minerals that are not exploited due mainly to the country's climate and terrain.
Rwanda
gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), methane, hydropower, arable land
Saint Helena fish
Saint Kitts and Nevis arable land
Saint Lucia forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermal potential
Saint Pierre and Miquelon fish, deepwater ports
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines hydropower, cropland
Samoa
hardwood forests, fish, hydropower
San Marino building stone
Sao Tome and Principe fish, hydropower
Saudi Arabia petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper
Senegal
fish, phosphates, iron ore
Serbia and Montenegro oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome, hydropower, arable land
Seychelles
fish, copra, cinnamon trees
Sierra Leone diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite
Singapore
fish, deepwater ports
Slovakia

brown coal and lignite; small amounts of iron ore, copper and manganese ore; salt; arable land
Slovenia
lignite coal, lead, zinc, mercury, uranium, silver, hydropower, forests
Solomon Islands fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates, lead, zinc, nickel
Somalia

uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt, natural gas, likely oil reserves

South Africa
gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands fish
Southern Ocean manganese nodules, sand and gravel, fresh water as icebergs; squid, whales, and seals - not exploited; krill, fishes; possibility of oil and natural gas
Spain
coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin, potash, hydropower, arable land
Spratly Islands fish, guano, undetermined oil and natural gas potential

Sri Lanka limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay, hydropower
Sudan
petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, hydropower
Suriname

timber, hydropower, fish, kaolin, shrimp, bauxite, gold, and small amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, iron ore
Svalbard
coal, copper, iron ore, phosphate, zinc, wildlife, fish
Swaziland
asbestos, coal, clay, cassiterite, hydropower, forests, small gold and diamond deposits, quarry stone, and talc
Sweden

zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver, timber, uranium, hydropower
Switzerland
hydropower potential, timber, salt
Syria
petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum, hydropower
Taiwan

small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos
Tajikistan
hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold
Tanzania
hydropower, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel
Thailand

tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite, arable land
Togo
phosphates, limestone, marble, arable land
Tokelau
Negligible
Tonga

fish, fertile soil
Trinidad and Tobago petroleum, natural gas, asphalt
Tromelin Island fish
Tunisia

petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt
Turkey
antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulfur, iron ore, arable land, hydropower
Turkmenistan
petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulfur, salt
Turks and Caicos Islands spiny lobster, conch
Tuvalu
fish
Uganda
copper, cobalt, hydropower, limestone, salt, arable land
Ukraine
iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber, arable land
United Arab Emirates petroleum, natural gas
United Kingdom coal, petroleum, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, lead, silica, arable land
United States coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, petroleum, natural gas, timber
Uruguay
arable land, hydropower, minor minerals, fisheries

Uzbekistan
natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum
Vanuatu

manganese, hardwood forests, fish
Venezuela
petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, diamonds
Vietnam
phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil and gas deposits, forests, hydropower
Virgin Islands sun, sand, sea, surf
Wake Island none
Wallis and Futuna Negligible
West Bank arable land
Western Sahara phosphates, iron ore
Yemen
petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble, small deposits of coal, gold, lead, nickel, and copper, fertile soil in west
Zambia
copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, hydropower
Zimbabwe

coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals

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The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) is the former federation of Communist states in Eastern Europe and northern and central Asia from 1922 until 1991. It was the world's largest country, covering one-sixth of the land area of the world. The Soviet Union was the Communist superpower during the Cold War. This former country was comprised of fifteen constituent republics. Moscow was its capital.

The USSR was officially dissolved on December 31, 1991 and broke into fifteen new independent countries. Here are the names of the 15 independent countries.

Countries of the Former USSR: The Soviet Union Comprised Nations


Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Moldova
Russia
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan

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To make ones cooking or baking a success, it is very important that one always get their kitchen measurements right before putting those ingredients together. This is especially important if you need to know the conversion from one kitchen unit measurement to the other. Therefore, knowing your Kitchen measurement equivalents can come in very handy. Needless to say, it is very important to double check your measurements for your recipe.

It is important to note that not all tablespoons are equivalent. As such;
The Australian tablespoon is 20 ml.
The British tablespoon is 17.7 ml.
The American tablespoon is actually 14.2 ml.
The Canadian tablespoon is 15 ml .

The tables below give the Kitchen Measurement Equivalents or Kitchen Measurements Conversion in both Fluid Ounces (volume measurement) and Dry Ounces (weight measurement). You can use these liquid or dry measurement in your kitchen recipe measurement should the need ever arise.

Kitchen Measurement Conversion Equivalents Units

Fluid Ounces (Volume Measurement)
(approximate)

Liquid (Volume) Measures
Unit of measureEquivalent measurementEquivalent measurement-
Metric measurement
1 teaspoon-
1/3 tablespoon-
5 mL
2 tablespoons1 fluid ounce1/8 cup or 6 teaspoons-
30 mL
1/4 cup2 fluid ounces4 tablespoons-
59 mL
1/3 cup2 2/3 fluid ounces5 tablespoons & 1 teaspoon-
79 mL
1/2 cup4 fluid ounces8 tablespoons-
118 mL
2/3 cup5 1/3 fluid ounces10 tablespoons & 2 teaspoons-
158 mL
3/4 cup6 fluid ounces12 tablespoons-
177 mL
7/8 cup7 fluid ounces14 tablespoons-
207 mL
1 cup8 fluid ounces/ 1/2 pint16 tablespoons-
237 mL
2 cups16 fluid ounces/ 1 pint 32 tablespoons-
473 mL
4 cups32 fluid ounces1 quart-
946 mL
1 pint16 fluid ounces/ 1 pint 32 tablespoons-
473 mL
2 pints32 fluid ounces1.0 quart-
946 mL or 0.946 liters (L)
8 pints1 gallon/ 128 fluid ounces4 quarts -
3785 mL or 3.78 liters
4 quarts1 gallon/128 fluid ounces8 pints-

3785 ml or 3.78 liters
1 liter1.057 quarts-
-
1000 ml or 1L
128 fluid ounces1 gallon4 quarts
-
3785 mL or 3.78 liters



Dry Ounces (Weight Measurement)
(approximate)

Dry (Weight) Measurements
Unit of measureEquivalent measurementMetric measurement
1 ounce1/16 pound 28.35 grams
2 ounces1/8 pound 55 grams
3 ounces3/16 pound85 grams
4 ounces1/4 pound125 grams
8 ounces1/2 pound240 grams
12 ounces3/4 pound375 grams
16 ounces1 pound454 grams
32 ounces2 pounds907 grams
1 kilogram2.2 pounds1000 grams

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Africa is the second largest and most-populous continent of the seven continents on Earth (Asia being the largest) lying south of Europe, with the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the Indian Ocean to the east, the Mediterranean Sea on the north and the Red Sea on the northeast. Africa is connected with Asia at its northeast extremity by the isthmus of Suez, and separated from Europe by the Mediterranean Sea. There are 47 countries on the African continent, the islands off the coast brings this number up currently to 54 countries (including Western Sahara, which is disputed). The islands that make up the 54 countries are; Madagascar, Comoros, Seychelles, Cape Verde and Sao Tome and Principe. Sudan is the largest country in Africa and Madagascar the largest island. Africa's newest country is Eritrea, which is located in the East Africa. Eritrea became an independent republic in 1993, following a referendum which allowed its secession from Ethiopia. Africa is the poorest continent despite its abundant natural wealth which is due mainly to its colonial history. Below are the names of the current 54 countries of Africa.

List of African countries



A
Algeria
Angola

B
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi

C
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Rep.
Chad
Comoros
Congo (Brazzaville)
Congo (DRC, Zaire)
Cote d'Ivoire

D
Djibouti

E
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia

G
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau

K
Kenya

L
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya

M
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique

N
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria

R
Reunion
Rwanda

S
Sao Tome & Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Swaziland

T
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia

U
Uganda

W
Western Sahara

Z
Zambia
Zimbabwe


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A mountain is a land form that rises 1,000 or more feet above the land around it. It is generally a rocky area of a land mass that has steep slopes and a relatively small summit area. A mountain is higher than a hill.

Here is a list of the highest mountains around the world.


Highest Mountains in the World


MountainHeightCountryContinent
Everest8.848Nepal/Tibet Asia

K-28.611Pakistan Asia

Kangchenjunga8.586Nepal/India Asia

Lhotse8.511Nepal Asia

Makalu8.463Nepal/Tibet Asia

Cho Oyu8.201Nepal/Tibet Asia

Dhaulagiri8.167Nepal Asia

Manaslu8.163Nepal Asia

Nanga Parbat8.125Pakistan Asia

Annapurna8.091Nepal Asia

Gasherbrum I8.068Pakistan Asia

Broad Peak8.047Pakistan Asia

Gasherbrum II8.035Pakistan Asia

Xixabangma Feng (Gosainthan) 8.012China/Nepal Asia

Distaghil Sar7.885Pakistan Asia

Kunyang Chhist7.852Pakistan Asia

Masherbrum7.820Pakistan Asia

Nanda Devi7.816India Asia

Aling Kangri7.815Tibet Asia

Rakaposhi7.788Pakistan Asia

Batura7.785Pakistan Asia

Namjagbarwa Feng7.756Tibet Asia

Kamet7.756India Asia

Kamet7.756Tibet/India Asia

Muztagh Ata7.546China Asia

Saltoro Kangri7.742Pakistan Asia

Muztag7.723China Asia

Trivor7.720Pakistan Asia

Konkur7.719China Asia

Tirich Mir7.690Pakistan Asia

Chogolisa7.654Pakistan Asia

Shispar7.619Pakistan Asia

Gongga (Minya Konka)7.555China Asia

Kula Kangri7.553BhutanAsia

Muztaghata7.546China Asia

Qullai Ismaili Somoni/ Qullai Kommunizma7.495Tajikistan Asia

Nowshak 7.485Afghanistan Asia

Jengish Chokusu/ Pik Pobeda7.439China/Kyrgyzstan Asia

Haramosh7.406Pakistan Asia

Ultar7.398Pakistan Asia

Chomo Lhari7.313Bhutan/Tibet Asia

Malubiting7.291Pakistan Asia

Ogre (Baintha Brak)7.285Pakistan Asia

Minipin7.273Pakistan Asia

Langtang Lirung7.245Nepal Asia

Ganesh Himal7.150Nepal Asia

Kampire Dior7.142Pakistan Asia

Nun Kun7.135India Asia

Pik Lenina7.134Tajikistan Asia

Baruntse7.129Tibet Asia

Pik Korzhenevskoj7.105Tajikistan Asia

Jugal Himal7.083Nepal Asia

Urgend II 7.060Afghanistan Asia

Kinjiroba7.045Nepal Asia

Khan Tengri6.995Kyrgyzstan Asia

Langtang Himal (Kyungka Ri)6.979Nepal Asia

Aconcagua6.962Argentina South America

Yamit6.940Afghanistan Asia

Ojos del Salado6.880Chile South America

Koyo Zom6.872Pakistan Asia

Bonete6.872Argentina South America

Ama Dablam6.856Nepal Asia

Tirgaran6.843Afghanistan Asia

Mercedario6.770Argentina/Chile South America

Huascaran6.768Peru South America

Tirgaran6.755Afghanistan Asia

Llullaillaco6.723Argentina/Chile South America

El Libertador6.720Argentina South America

Mt Kailash6.714Tibet Asia

Ghul Laast6.665Pakistan Asia

Jaonli6.632India Asia

Koheandaras6.628Afghanistan Asia

Yerupaja6.617Peru South America

Gangotri - I6.600India Asia

Bremeh6.575India Asia

Tupungato6.550Argentina/Chile South America

Sajama6.542Bolivia South America

Lasht6.504Afghanistan Asia

Illimani6.439Bolivia South America

East Ridge of Hiunchuli6.441Nepal Asia

Ancohuma6.427Bolivia South America

Coropuna6.400Peru South America

Huantsan6.395Peru South America

Huandoy6.395Peru South America

El Toro6.380Argentina/Chile South America

Ausangate6.372Peru South America

Illampu6.362Bolivia South America

Ampato6.360Peru South America

Cerro Palermo6.350Argentina South America

Las Tortolas6.332Argentina/Chile South America

Parinacota6.330Bolivia South America

Chimborazo6.310Ecuador South America

Chinchey (Rurichichay)6.309Peru South America

Juncal6.300Chile/Argentina South America

Marmolejo6.300Chile/Argentina South America

General Belgrano6.300Argentina South America

Anyemaqen6.282China Asia

Salcantay6.271Peru South America

Olivares6.252Argentina/Chile South America

Sigunaiang6.250China Asia

Pomerape6.240Bolivia South America

Chani6.200Argentina South America

Aucanquilcha6.200Bolivia/Chile South America

Huayna Potosi6.194Bolivia South America

McKinley6.194Alaska North America

Callaqui6.164Argentina/Chile South America

Ranrapallca6.162Peru South America

Queva6.130Argentina South America

Chearoco6.127Bolivia South America

Quemado6.120Argentina South America

Chaupi Orco6.100Peru South America

Chachacumani6.094Bolivia South America

Solimani6.093Peru South America

Copiapo6.080Argentina/Chile South America

Pumasillo6.070Peru South America

Guallatiri6.060Bolivia South America

Chachani6.057Peru South America

Acotango6.050Bolivia South America

Cienaga6.030Argentina South America

Nevado Acay6.000Argentina South America

Tacora5.988Bolivia South America

Sairecabur5.971Chile South America

Kilimanjaro5.895Tanzania Africa

Logan5.951Canada North America

AlpaMayo5.947Peru South America

Licancabur5.921Bolivia/Chile South America

Ticlla5.897Peru South America

Cotopaxi5.896Ecuador South America

Hkakabo Razi5.881Burma Asia

Mururata5.868Bolivia South America

Volcan San Jose5.850Chile/Argentina South America

Cayambe5.840Ecuador South America

El Misti5.822Peru South America

Champara5.795Peru South America

Simon Bolivar5.776Colombia South America

Cristobal Colon5.776Colombia South America

Citlaltepetl (el Pico de Orizaba)5.754Mexico North America

Antisana5.753Ecuador South America

Huaycay Huilque5.750Peru South America

Gigante Grande5.748Bolivia South America

Urusa5.735Peru South America

Tunshu5.730Peru South America

Cashan5.723Peru South America

Cayesh5.721Peru South America

Santa Rosa5.706Peru South America

Murrorajo5.688Peru South America

Machu Sochi Conchi5.679Bolivia South America

Lascar5.675Chile South America

Damavand5.671Iran Asia

Raujunte5.650Peru South America

Condoriri5.648Bolivia South America

Elbrus5.633Russia Europe

Soral Oeste5.640Bolivia South America

Katantica5.592Bolivia South America

Jallacata5.557Peru South America

Surihuiri5.556Peru South America

Yankho Huyo5.512Bolivia South America

Ritacuba Blanco5.493Colombia South America

Mt St Elias5.490Canada North America

Castillo5.485Argentina/Chile South America

Yana Cuchilla5.472Peru South America

El Altar (Obispo)5.465Ecuador South America

Chinchina5.463Peru South America

Popocatepetl5.452Mexico North America

Cerro El Plomo5.450Chile South America

Cerro Burro5.450Peru South America

Bogda Shan5.447China Asia

Cunurana5.420Peru South America

Pico Mayor5.365Colombia South America

Aricoma5.350Peru South America

Nevado El Ruiz5.335Colombia South America

Iliniza Sur5.305Ecuador South America

Foraker5.303Alaska North America

Cerro Quenamari5.294Peru South America

Volcan Maipo5.290Argentina/Chile South America

Ixaccihuatl5.286Mexico North America

San Julian5.275Peru South America

Sangay5.230Ecuador South America

Lucania5.228Canada North America

El Altar5.222Chile South America

Tolima5.215Colombia South America

Rustaveli5.201Georgia Europe

Batian Peak (Mt Kenya)5.201Kenya Africa

San Francisco5.200Chile South America

Morado5.200Chile South America

Kirinyaga5.200Kenya Africa

Dykh-Tau5.198Georgia Europe

Nelion5.190Kenya Africa

Sosneado5.189Argentina/Chile South America

Mt Ararat (Buyukagri Dagi)5.165Turkey Asia

Shah Fuladi5.143Afganistan Asia

Vinson Massif5.140Antarctica The Poles

Margherita Peak5.119Zaire/Uganda Africa

Iliniza Norte5.116Ecuador South America

Stanley5.110Uganda/Zaire Africa

Cerro Negro5.100Chile South America

Cerro Guane Guane5.097Chile South America

Tungurahua5.087Ecuador South America

Steele5.074Canada North America

Kazbek5.047Georgia Europe

Mt Blackburn5.037Alaska North America

Puncak Jaya5.030Indonesia/ New Guinea Oceania

Pico Bolivar5.007Venezuela South America

Mt Bona5.006Alaska North America

La Paloma5.000Chile South America

Mt Sanford4.941Alaska North America

Mt Speke4.890Zaire/Uganda Africa

Naga Pulu4.862Indonesia Oceania

Mt Baker4.844Zaire/Uganda Africa

Mt Wood4.843Canada North America

Alum Kuh4.840Iran Asia

Sabalon Kuh4.821Iran Asia

Monte Bianco4.807France/Italy Europe

Mt Emin4.792Zaire/Uganda Africa

Mt Vancouver4.786Canada North America

Pico Espejoe4.765Venezuela South America

Volcan de Purace4.756Colombia South America

Trikora4.751Indonesia/ New Guinea Asia

Klyuchevskaya4.750Russia Europe

Shakhak 4.750Iran Asia

Mt Gessi4.717Zaire/Uganda Africa

Khersan 4.710Iran Asia

Ushba4.710Georgia Europe

Mandala4.701Indonesia/ New Guinea Asia

Mt Fairweather4.671Canada/Alaska North America

Teyotl4.660Mexico North America

Ras Dashen4.620Ethiopia Africa

Takht-e-Solaiman 4.659Iran Asia

Monte Rosa4.634Italy/Switzerland Europe

Mt Savoia4.627Zaire/Uganda Africa

Siah Sang 4.600Iran Asia

Marjinkesh 4.580Iran Asia

Meru4.565Tanzania Africa

Nevado de Toluca4.564Mexico North America

Mt Hubbard4.558Canada North America

Zardeh4.548Iran Asia

Dom4.545Switzerland/Italy Europe

Haftkhan 4.537Iran Asia

Kirkpatrick4.528Antarctica The Poles

Mt Bear4.527Canada North America

Chaloun 4.516Iran Asia

Mt Wilhelm4.510Papua New Guinea Oceania

Karisimbi4.507Rwanda/Zaire Africa

Mt Walsh4.506Canada North America

Siah Kamaan 4.504Iran Asia

Rostamnisht 4.500Iran Asia

Siahgug 4.500Iran Asia

Cervino (Matterhorn)4.478Italy/Switzerland Europe

Waynobar4.472Ethiopia Africa

Shanehkouh 4.465Iran Asia

Dena4.450Iran Asia

La Malinche4.461Mexico North America

Tliltepetl4.453Mexico North America

Tzapotepetl4.450Mexico North America

Hunter4.445Alaska North America

Mikeno4.437Rwanda/Zaire Africa

Buahit4.437Ethiopia Africa

Suphan Dagi4.434Turkey Europe

Mt Alverstone4.421Canada North America

Hazar4.420Iran Asia